How is seismic data stored?
Major oil and gas companies are likely to have seismic data spanning decades and consuming Petabytes (PBs) of storage. This seismic data is often stored across a variety of different storage mediums depending on operational requirements, including: Network-Attached Storage (NAS), Magnetic tapes and USB devices.
Why we perform seismic data processing?
Seismic processing attempts to enhance the signal to noise ratio of the seismic section and remove the artifacts in the signal that were caused by the seismic method. The end result should be a more interpretable section.
What is stacking in seismic data processing?
Stacking using local correlation. The problem of combining a collection of seismic traces into a single trace is commonly. referred to as stacking in seismic data processing. This process is used to attenuate. random noise and simultaneously amplify the coherent signal in the gather.
Which kind of data is processed in seismic surveys?
Seismic data provide a “time picture” of subsurface structure. For accurate structural analysis, an effort should be made to convert the time data to depth.
What is seismic data management?
Data Management, also known as seismic data management or subsurface data management, simply refers to how oil and gas companies store, organize and access their volumes of geophysical, geological and other subsurface data that they have acquired over time.
What is a SEG-Y file?
The SEG-Y (sometimes SEG Y or SEGY) file format is one of several data standards developed by the Society of Exploration Geophysicists (SEG) for the exchange of geophysical data. It is an open standard, and is controlled by the SEG Technical Standards Committee, a non-profit organization.
What measures seismic data?
Geophysics for Petroleum Engineers Seismic data provide structural and static information for a reservoir such as lateral extent of the reservoir, thickness, faults, porosity, among other reservoir properties. Time-lapse seismic acquired at different times measures changes in reservoir state.
What is meant by seismic data?
Seismic Data means an exploration method of sending energy waves or sound waves into the earth and recording the wave reflections to indicate the type, size, shape and depth of a subsurface rock formation. Sample 1.
What is demultiplexing in seismic processing?
Seismic Data Analysis Mathematically, demultiplexing is seen as transposing a big matrix so that the columns of the resulting matrix can be read as seismic traces recorded at different offsets with a common shot point. At this stage, the data are converted to a convenient format that is used throughout processing.
What is a SGY file?
A SGY file is a data file saved in the SEG-Y (Society of Exploration Geophysicists) format. It contains geophysical data in binary and textual format, which includes the coordinates of reflected seismic waves.
What is byte location?
The byte location is the position in the header where the non-seismic information (values) are stored. The locations are numbered from 1 to 240. One location isn’t large enough to store most values, so one piece of information can be spread across two or four locations.
How do you obtain seismic data?
Seismic acquisition requires the use of a seismic source at specified locations for a seismic survey, and the energy that travels within the subsurface as seismic waves generated by the source gets recorded at specified locations on the surface by what is known as receivers (geophones or hydrophones).
What is NMO correction?
Normal moveout correction (NMO) is a stretching of the time axis to make all seismograms look like zero-offset seismograms. In its simplest form, NMO is based on the Pythagorean relation .In a constant velocity earth, the NMO correction would take the asymptote of the hyperbola family and move it up to. .
What does mux and demux mean?
A multiplexer (Mux) is a combinational circuit that uses several data inputs to generate a single output. A demultiplexer (Demux) is also a combinational circuit that uses single input that can be directed throughout several outputs.
What is difference between multiplexing and demultiplexing?
Multiplexer refers to a type of combinational circuit that accepts multiple inputs of data but provides only a single output. The demultiplexer refers to the type of combinational circuit that accepts just a single input but directs it through multiple outputs. A Multiplexer performs conversion from parallel to serial.
What is seismic data processing?
Treatment of the data to achieve these ends is commonly referred to as seismic data processing. Through processing, the huge volumes of data taken in the field are reduced to simple images for display on paper or the work station screen.
How important is the ability of the seismic data analyst?
The ability of the seismic data analyst invariably is as important as the effectiveness of the algorithms in determining the quality of the final product from data processing. There are many examples of good processing using mediocre software. There are also examples of poor processing using good software.
What are the parameters of seismic display?
It is thus understandable that considerable time and effort is expended in any processing project on the final parameters of seismic display so as to satisfy the individual tastes of the interpreter. Such things as frequency content, gain, trace spacing, and type of display are all up for grabs (see “ Displaying seismic data ”).
Can 2-D seismic data be converted to 3-D data?
Clearly, all of the 2-D processing techniques are either directly applicable to 3-D seismic data or need to be extended to the third dimension, such as migration and dip-moveout correction. Figure I-1 A seismic section from the Gulf of Mexico used for hydrocarbon exploration. (Data courtesy Schlumberger Geco-Prakla and TGS.)