What is the most common histological type of bladder cancer?
Pure urothelial carcinoma is the most common histology of bladder cancer, consisting of about 75% of all cases (1). The remaining cases are represented by variant histology (VH), divided into urothelial and non-urothelial subtypes.
What is invasive urothelial carcinoma?
Invasive urothelial carcinoma is a type of transitional cell carcinoma. It is a type of cancer that develops in the urinary system: the kidney, urinary bladder, and accessory organs.
What is the significance of variant histology in urothelial carcinoma?
Patient summary: It is important to recognise histological variants of urothelial carcinoma as they indicate aggressive disease. When compared with patients with pure urothelial carcinoma of the same disease stage, survival does not appear to be significantly worse.
Who ISUP grading urothelial carcinoma?
The WHO 1973 grading system was proposed by Mostofi et al [2] and differentiates papillary urothelial lesions into three grades: G1, G2, and G3 (Table 1) [4]. Tumours are graded according to the degree of cellular and architectural atypia.
Is urothelial carcinoma the same as bladder cancer?
Urothelial carcinoma, also known as transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), is by far the most common type of bladder cancer. In fact, if you have bladder cancer it’s almost certain to be a urothelial carcinoma. These cancers start in the urothelial cells that line the inside of the bladder.
How aggressive is urothelial carcinoma?
Muscle-invasive urothelial carcinomas are highly aggressive compared to cancers of the upper urinary tract, carrying a five-year disease-specific survival rate of <50% in pT2/pT3 disease, and this survival rate drops below 10% in pT4 cancer.
What causes urothelial carcinoma?
Smoking. Smoking is the single biggest risk factor for bladder cancer. This is because tobacco contains cancer-causing (carcinogenic) chemicals. If you smoke for many years, these chemicals pass into your bloodstream and are filtered by the kidneys into your urine.
What is histological variant?
Histologic variants are defined as distinctively different histomorphologic phenotypes of a particular neoplasm [4]. In addition to histomorphologic variation, a large body of literature is evolving around the diverse molecular subtypes of bladder cancer.
What is variant histology?
Variant histology includes any bladder malignancy other than pure urothelial cancer, such as UC with aberrant differentiation as well as pure non-UC resulting from metaplasia (5).
What is urothelial proliferation?
Urothelial proliferation of uncertain malignant potential (UPUMP) is a new term used in the 2016 World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of Tumours of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs.
What is urothelial papilloma?
Urothelial papilloma is an uncommon benign exophytic neoplasm composed of a delicate fibrovascular core covered by normal-appearing urothelium. [1, 2] The posterior or lateral walls close to the ureteric orifices and the urethra are the most common locations.
Is urothelial carcinoma life threatening?
Malignant bladder cancer may be life threatening, as it can spread quickly. Without treatment, it can damage tissues and organs.
What is high grade urethral carcinoma?
High-grade tumors have an aggressive appearance under a microscope and are assumed invasive in the kidney or ureter. In the bladder, a thick bladder muscle (called the detrusor) acts as a barrier to confine invasive cancers but in the kidney and ureter, this muscle does not exist.
What is high grade urothelial carcinoma?
What is high grade urothelial carcinoma with squamous differentiation?
Urothelial carcinoma with squamous differentiation (UCSD) is a variation of urothelial cell carcinoma which is associated with advanced tumor stage. When occurring in relation to bladder cancer, around 60-70% of the cases occur in those with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) 1.
What is low grade papillary urothelial carcinoma?
low grade papillary urothelial carcinoma is a slow growing cancer that is unlikely to spread. high grade papillary urothelial carcinoma is a quicker growing cancer that is more likely to spread.
Invasive urothelial carcinoma is a type of transitional cell carcinoma. It is a type of cancer that develops in the urinary system: the kidney, urinary bladder, and accessory organs.
What is a high grade urothelial carcinoma?
CIS is always high-grade as it has a has a 50% to 75% risk of becoming invasive, if left untreated. Invasive urothelial carcinoma may be associated with a papillary carcinoma (most commonly high grade) or CIS.
What is the prevalence of Muscle Invasive urothelial carcinoma on biopsy?
Approximately 25% of muscle invasive urothelial carcinoma on biopsy is a lower stage in the cystectomy specimen. In approximately 15% of cases it is pT0 (no primary tumour identified).
What is the prevalence of urothelium markers in invasive tumours?
HMWCK was present in all invasive tumours, whereas the frequency of other urothelium markers ranged from 65 to 88 %. Nevertheless, at least two markers were expressed in each invasive tumour.