What are the risks associated with parenteral administration?
The complications associated with the parenteral administration of drugs include intramuscular administration, anatomical and procedural considerations, local muscle reaction: from mild inflammation to abscess formation, clostridial myonecrosis, intra-synovial administration, post-injection synovitis and lameness, and …
Which is a disadvantage to total parenteral nutrition TPN )?
Because TPN solutions are concentrated and can cause thrombosis of peripheral veins, a central venous catheter is usually required. Parenteral nutrition should not be used routinely in patients with an intact gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
What are the most common errors associated with parenteral nutrition?
Fat emulsions and electrolytes were the PN ingredients most frequently associated with error. Insulin was the ingredient most often associated with patient harm.
What are some disadvantages of parenteral administration?
Disadvantages of parenteral preparations to the patient include lack of drug reversal, risk of infection and emboli, risk of hypersensitivity reactions, and cost.
Which one is a disadvantage of parenteral route of administration?
Disadvantages of parenteral route of drug administration
- Drug administration by these routes is irreversible and poses more risks than the other routes.
- It is an invasive route of drug administration and thus, it can cause fear, pain, tissue damage, and/or infections.
Is TPN a high risk medication?
Introduction: The Institute for Safe Medication Practices has stated that parenteral nutrition (PN) is considered a high-risk medication and has the potential of causing harm.
Can TPN cause anemia?
Background: Certain patients receiving home total parenteral nutrition (HPN) are likely to develop iron-deficiency anemia because of inadequate absorption or chronic iron loss from gastrointestinal lesions.
Does TPN hurt your liver?
One of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in patients receiving long-term total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is liver disease. Early on, there is steatosis, which can evolve to steatohepatitis and eventually to cholestasis of varying severity.
How does TPN affect the kidneys?
Total parenteral nutrition has been reported to stabilize or reduce serum urea nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus levels, improve wound healing, enhance survival from acute renal failure, and possibly increase the rate of recovery of renal function.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of parenteral route?
Advantages
- Can be used for drugs that are poorly absorbed, inactive or ineffective if given orally.
- The IV route provides immediate onset of action.
- The intramuscular and subcutaneous routes can be used to achieve slow or delayed onset of action.
- Patient concordance problems can be avoided.
What are the dangers of giving medications by injection?
Damage to veins and injection site This can cause infiltration. When this occurs, medication leaks into surrounding tissue instead of going into your bloodstream. Infiltration can cause tissue damage. IV administration can also cause phlebitis, or inflammation of your veins.
Which route of administration is most likely to cause toxic effects?
Intravenous administration bypasses absorption barriers. It is potentially the most hazardous route of administration as a high concentration of drug is delivered to organs as rapidly as the rate of injection, which may elicit toxic effects.
Which should the nurse monitor to prevent complications of a patient receiving TPN?
A patient on TPN must have blood work monitored closely to prevent the complications of refeeding syndrome. Blood work may be ordered as often as every six hours upon initiation of TPN. Most hospitals will have a TPN protocol to follow for blood work.
What is the primary cause of TPN related sepsis?
It is thought that hyperglycemia contributes to adverse outcomes associated with TPN in critically ill patients and other hospitalized patients. Hyperglycemia is associated with an increased incidence of bloodstream infections (BSI) and sepsis in surgical patients.
Can you give iron with TPN?
We conclude that iron supplementation of TPN appears safe and is effective in increasing serum iron levels. The use of iron-supplemented short-term TPN needs to be further studied given no change in red cell indices, hemoglobin, hematocrit, or transfusion requirement.
What are the side effects of total parenteral nutrition?
– Fever – Stomach pain – Vomiting – Unusual swelling – Redness at the catheter site
What is the most common complication of TPN?
– Hyperglycaemia is found in up to 50% of PN patients. – Hyperglycaemia adversely affects morbidity and mortality in surgical and medical intensive care patients (I). – Normoglycaemia (approximately 80–145 mg/dL) should be aimed for in critically ill patients to improve outcome (A).
What are the long term effects of TPN?
– Methods. In this review, a descriptive systematic, non-quantitative literature review was conducted using methodological guidelines [ 78 – 80 ]. – Results. – Discussion. – Implications for evidence-based nursing practice. – Conclusion. – Abbreviations.
When and how to start parenteral nutrition?
There does not appear to be any harm from early nutrition (Heighes et al,2016).